This entry describes the spectrum from responsible conduct of research, over questionable research practices, to actual scientific misconduct, and it discusses some of the factors that may lead researchers to engage in questionable research practices or scientific misconduct. Although responsible conduct of research, questionable research practices, and scientific misconduct are usually treated primarily as a matter of research ethics, this entry shows how the conduct of research also involves both epistemic and moral components and that these can be inextricably intertwined.